Computers and Network Services

Computers and mobile devices include personal computers designed for individual use, portable devices, and stationary desktops. Servers provide network services, terminals connect users to host computers, and cloud computing provides Internet-accessed resources and services.

What This Covers

1. Personal computers and mobile-device types

2. Servers, terminals, virtualization, and cloud computing

3. Backup purpose, types, and trade-offs

4. Technology ethics, intellectual property, and conduct

5. Information privacy, cookies, and privacy protections

6. Digital media foundations, graphics, digitizing, and file formats

7. Video, streaming, animation, and immersive media

8. Artificial intelligence and machine learning

9. Hardware protection and power reliability

10. Technology-related health and ergonomic workstations

11. Digital security risks, malware, network attacks, and firewall protection

12. Ports, connectors, U.S.B, docking stations, and wireless connections

13. Productivity app foundations, word processing, and spreadsheets

14. Presentation applications, databases, and productivity suites

15. App categories and ways apps run

16. Acquisition, licensing, access, and management

17. Access controls, records, and authentication factors

18. Two-step verification, encryption, and digital trust

1. Personal Computers and Mobile-Device Types

A personal computer, or P.C, independently performs input, processing, output, and storage activities and is intended for one person at a time. It may be a mobile computer or a desktop. A mobile computer is portable and designed to be carried easily from place to place.

The main types differ in their form and use:

Table: Columns: Type, How to recognize it. Row 1. Type: Laptop, or notebook computer. How to recognize it: Thin and lightweight, with a screen in the lid and a keyboard in the base.. Row 2. Type: Tablet. How to recognize it: A thin, lighter-weight mobile computer with a touch screen.. Row 3. Type: Handheld computer. How to recognize it: Small enough to fit in one hand; an example use is warehouse inventory work.. Row 4. Type: Stick computer. How to recognize it: About the size of a USB flash drive or slightly larger; it can connect to an HDMI port on a television or monitor.. Row 5. Type: Desktop computer. How to recognize it: Designed for a stationary location, with components that fit on or under a desk or table..

Desktop configurations include a traditional tower arrangement and an all-in-one design.

all of its components fit on or under a desk or table

Figure 3-8 summary: A photo comparing two computer setups on desks. On the left is a Windows desktop with a separate tower, monitor, keyboard, mouse, and speakers. On the right is a Mac all-in-one computer with a keyboard and mouse. The figure illustrates the difference in hardware configuration between a traditional desktop tower system and an all-in-one design.

Key Terms

Personal Computer (P.C)

A mobile computer or desktop that independently performs input, processing, output, and storage activities and is intended for one person at a time.

Mobile computer

A portable personal computer designed to be carried easily from place to place.

Computer and mobile-device categories named in the chapter

• Laptops, tablets, and desktops

• Servers and terminals

Laptop

A thin, lightweight mobile computer with a screen in its lid and a keyboard in its base; it is also called a notebook computer.

Tablet

A thin, lighter-weight mobile computer with a touch screen.

Desktop computer

A personal computer designed for a stationary location, with components that fit on or under a desk or table.

• Smartphones, digital cameras, e-book readers, portable and digital media players, and wearable devices

• Game devices

• Embedded computers

Most Likely to Be Asked

- A P.C is defined by independent input, processing, output, and storage, and by its intended use by one person at a time.

- Mobile computers are portable; desktops are designed for stationary use.

- Distinguish common devices by their form: laptop has a screen in its lid and keyboard in its base, tablet has a touch screen, and stick computer connects through H.D.M.I.

Test Yourself

1 What makes a computer a personal computer according to the chapter?

It independently performs input, processing, output, and storage activities, and it is intended for one person at a time. It can be a mobile computer or a desktop.

2 A portable computer has a touch screen and is described as thin and lighter-weight. What type is it, and how does that distinguish it from a laptop?

It is a tablet. A tablet is identified by its touch screen and thin, lighter-weight design. A laptop is identified by a screen in its lid and a keyboard in its base.

3 A device is small enough to fit in one hand. Which computer type does that describe?

A handheld computer is small enough to fit in one hand. The chapter gives warehouse inventory work as an example of its use.

Table: Columns: p. 6, p. 8. Row 1. p. 6: p. 9. p. 8: p. 10. Row 2. p. 6: p. 11. p. 8: p. 12.

2. Servers, Terminals, Virtualization, and Cloud Computing

A server is a computer dedicated to providing one or more services to other computers or devices on a network. Its named physical forms are rack, blade, and tower servers. Dedicated servers are named for their primary service: for example, a database server stores and provides access to a database, a mail server stores and delivers email, and a web server stores and delivers requested webpages through a browser.

Table: Columns: Term, Main idea. Row 1. Term: Virtualization. Main idea: Sharing or pooling computing resources, such as servers and storage devices.. Row 2. Term: Server virtualization. Main idea: Software makes a physical server emulate the hardware and computing capabilities of one or more virtual servers.. Row 3. Term: Server farm. Main idea: Several servers networked together in one location.. Row 4. Term: Mainframe. Main idea: A large, expensive, powerful server able to handle hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously..

A terminal usually has limited processing power and lets users send data to and receive information from a server or host computer. A thin client looks like a desktop but has limited capabilities and components. A point-of-sale (P.O.S) terminal records purchases, processes credit or debit cards, and updates inventory. An A.T.M is a self-service banking terminal that connects to a host computer through a network so customers can access bank accounts.

A self-service kiosk is a freestanding terminal that usually has a touch screen. Named types include financial, photo, ticket, vending, and visitor kiosks. Cloud computing is an environment that provides computing resources and services accessed through the Internet. Its key distinction is that users access remotely provided resources and services through an Internet connection rather than relying only on local computing resources.

Key Terms

Server

A computer dedicated to providing one or more services to other computers or devices on a network.

Virtualization

The practice of sharing or pooling computing resources, such as servers and storage devices.

Terminal

A computer, usually with limited processing power, that allows users to send data to and receive information from a server or host computer.

Physical server forms named in the chapter

• Rack server

• Blade server

• Tower server

Thin client

A terminal that looks like a desktop but has limited capabilities and components.

Cloud computing

An environment that provides computing resources and services accessed through the Internet.

P.O.S Terminal Functions

• Record purchases

• Process credit or debit cards

• Update inventory

Self-service kiosk classifications

• Financial kiosk

• Photo kiosk

• Ticket kiosk

Vending kiosk

• Visitor kiosk

Most Likely to Be Asked

• Servers provide services to other devices on a network; rack, blade, and tower are the three physical forms named.

- Do not confuse virtualization, a server farm, and a mainframe: virtualization pools resources, a server farm groups servers in one place, and a mainframe handles hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously.

- A terminal communicates with a host or server and usually has limited processing power; P.O.S terminals and A.T.M's are specific applications.

- Cloud computing means accessing remotely provided computing resources and services through the Internet.

Test Yourself

Name the three physical server forms and explain what makes a computer a server.

The physical forms are rack, blade, and tower servers. A server is dedicated to providing one or more services to other computers or devices on a network.

2 A physical server uses software to emulate the capabilities of several servers. What is this called, and what are the emulated servers called?

This is server virtualization. The software makes one physical server emulate the hardware and computing capabilities of one or more servers, which are called virtual servers.

3 A retailer needs a terminal to record purchases, process debit cards, and update inventory. Identify the terminal and list its three functions.

It is a point-of-sale (P.O.S) terminal. Its functions are recording purchases, processing credit or debit cards, and updating inventory.

4 How is cloud computing different from relying only on local computing resources?

Cloud computing provides resources and services accessed through the Internet. Users access remotely provided resources and services through their Internet connections rather than relying only on resources available locally.

3. Backup Purpose, Types, and Trade-offs

A backup is a duplicate of a file, program, or storage medium that can be used if the original is lost, damaged, or destroyed. An off-site backup is stored somewhere separate from the computer or mobile device.

The six named backup categories are full, differential, incremental, selective, Continuous Data Protection (C.D.P), and cloud backup. They balance backup speed, restore speed, storage use, and convenience. A full backup copies every file, so restoration is fastest but the backup takes the longest.

Differential backups copy files changed since the last full backup. Restoring requires that full backup and the latest differential backup. Incremental backups copy changes since the last full or incremental backup; restoring requires the full backup and every subsequent incremental backup. Incremental backup is fastest to perform and uses little storage, but takes the longest to restore.

Selective backup lets users choose folders and files, offering flexibility but making individual file backups difficult to manage. C.D.P saves data whenever it changes, supporting real-time backup and fast restoration, but costs more and uses more storage. Cloud backup saves files to the cloud as they change; access or restoration requires an Internet connection and an appropriate app.

The source also names a three-generation backup policy, illustrated by Grandparent, Parent, and Child generations.

section

up policy

Key Terms

Backup

Image summary: A vertical flow diagram consisting of three stacked orange boxes labeled Grandparent, Parent, and Child, with arrows pointing downward from one to the next. This structure depicts a three-generation linear descent or ancestral hierarchy.

A duplicate of a file, program, or storage medium that can be used if the original is lost, damaged, or destroyed.

Off-site backup

A backup stored at a location separate from the computer or mobile device.

Differential backup

A backup of files changed since the last full backup. Restoration requires the last full backup and the latest differential backup.

Six backup categories named in the source

• Full

Differential

Incremental

Selective

• Continuous Data Protection

• Cloud

Incremental backup

A backup of files changed since the last full or incremental backup. Restoration requires the last full backup and all later incremental backups.

Continuous Data Protection (C.D.P)

A method that backs up all data whenever it changes. It enables real-time backup and fast restoration, but has high cost and storage requirements.

Three Generations in the Backup Policy Memorize in Order

1. Grandparent

2. Parent

3. Child

Most Likely to Be Asked

• A full backup is slowest to create but fastest to restore.

- Differential restoration needs the last full backup plus the latest differential backup.

• Incremental restoration needs the last full backup plus every later incremental backup.

- Cloud backup access and restoration require an Internet connection and an appropriate app.

Test Yourself

1 What makes a backup off-site, and why is a backup useful?

A backup is useful because it can replace an original file, program, or storage medium if that original is lost, damaged, or destroyed. It is off-site when stored separately from the computer or mobile device.

2 A user needs to restore files using an incremental backup plan. What set of backups is required?

The user needs the last full backup and every incremental backup created after it. Missing a later incremental backup means the required sequence of changes is incomplete.

3 Which method backs up changes in real time, and what are its trade-offs?

Continuous Data Protection backs up data whenever it changes, making it the only true real-time method and enabling very fast restoration. Its trade-offs are high cost and high storage use.

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4. Technology Ethics, Intellectual Property, and Conduct

Technology ethics are moral guidelines for using computers, mobile devices, information systems, and related technologies. Information accuracy is an important ethical concern because not all information on the Web is correct.

Intellectual property includes unique, original works such as ideas, inventions, art, writing, processes, and company or product names and logos. Intellectual property rights are the rights creators have in their works. Copyright protects a tangible form of expression. Digital Rights Management (D.R.M) is used to prevent illegal distribution of digital content.

Using software or apps without permission or payment, including copying, distributing, downloading, or otherwise using them, violates the law. D.R.M for programs and apps can restrict use, modification, and distribution. Access controls determine who may use a program and what actions they can perform in it.

A code of conduct is a written policy that helps people decide whether behavior is ethical or allowed. The example it code emphasizes avoiding harm, respecting others' files and resources, using technology only with authorization, avoiding theft and false statements, respecting software and intellectual property rights, considering social effects, and treating people with respect.

Green computing means reducing electricity use and environmental waste when using computers, mobile devices, and related technologies.

Key Terms

Technology ethics

Moral guidelines that govern the use of computers, mobile devices, information systems, and related technologies.

Intellectual property

Unique, original works, including ideas, inventions, art, writing, processes, and company or product names and logos.

Copyright

Protection for a tangible form of expression.

Digital Rights Management (D.R.M)

A strategy used to prevent illegal distribution of digital content. For programs and apps, D.R.M can limit use, modification, and distribution.

Code of conduct

A written policy that helps determine whether behavior is ethical or unethical, allowed or not allowed.

Green computing

Reducing electricity use and environmental waste when using computers, mobile devices, and related technologies.

Core Duties Emphasized by the Example it Code of Conduct Memorize in Order

1. Do not use technology to harm others.

2. Do not interfere with other people's files.

3. Use technology only for authorized purposes.

4. Do not use technology to steal.

5. Do not spread false statements using technology.

6. Do not illegally copy or use software.

7. Do not use other people's technical resources without permission.

8. Do not claim another person's intellectual property as your own.

9. Consider the social effects of designed programs and systems.

10. Use technology with consideration and respect for others.

Most Likely to Be Asked

- Copyright protects a tangible form of expression; intellectual property is the broader category of original works.

- Using software or apps without permission or payment violates the law.

• Access controls determine who may use a program and which actions they may perform.

• Technology ethics includes considering information accuracy and the social effects of technology.

Test Yourself

1 What is the difference between intellectual property and copyright?

Intellectual property is the broad category of unique, original works, such as inventions, art, writing, and logos. Copyright is a form of protection for a tangible expression.

2 A person copies and distributes an app without permission or payment. What ethical and legal issue does this raise?

The source states that copying, distributing, downloading, or otherwise using software or apps without permission or payment violates the law. D.R.M may also restrict an app's use, modification, and distribution.

3 A Developer Is Planning A System. Name Two Responsibilities From The Example it Code Of Conduct That Should Guide The Developer.

The developer should consider the system's social effects and use technology with consideration and respect for others. The code also says not to design or use technology to harm people, and to use it only for authorized purposes.

5. Information Privacy, Cookies, and Privacy Protections

Information privacy is the right of individuals and organizations to reject or limit the collection, use, and distribution of information about them. Websites may collect information to personalize advertising and emails, while some employers monitor computer use and email.

A cookie is a small text file that a Web server stores on a computer. Websites may use cookies to personalize visits, remember usernames and passwords, support online shopping, count visits, and target advertising.

When a user enters a website address, the browser searches the computer for that site's cookie. If it finds one, it sends the cookie information to the site server. If the server does not receive expected cookie information, it creates an identification number and sends it to the browser, which creates and stores a cookie file. The site may update that file during later visits.

Phishing uses an official-looking message to trick someone into revealing personal or financial information. Clickjacking hides a malicious program in an object on a website that a user can click or tap. Social engineering gains unauthorized access or confidential information by exploiting people's trust or naivety.

Privacy laws address different kinds of information and access. Examples include coppa, which requires websites to protect personal information of children under 13, and hipaa, which protects people from improper disclosure of health information. The Privacy Act restricts federal agencies from using information for a purpose other than the one for which it was collected. The Freedom of Information Act allows public access to most government records.

Content filtering restricts access to certain materials, and Web filtering software restricts access to certain websites. Employee monitoring uses computers, mobile devices, or cameras to observe, record, and review employees' technology use, including email, keyboard activity, and visited websites.

Key Terms

Figure 5-25 summary: A diagram illustrating the cookie process between a user's browser and a web server. The flow begins with the browser searching the local hard drive for an existing cookie for a website; if found, it sends the cookie information to the server. If no cookie exists, the server generates a new identification number and sends it back for the browser to store locally. This mechanism allows a website to recognize and track a specific user across multiple visits.

Information privacy

The right of individuals and organizations to reject or limit the collection, use, and distribution of information about them.

Cookie

A small text file stored on a computer by a Web server. Websites can use cookies for personalization, login details, shopping, visit counts, and targeted advertising.

Phishing

A scam in which an attacker sends an official-looking message to obtain personal or financial information.

Clickjacking

A malicious program is hidden in an object on a website that a user can click or tap.

Social engineering

Gaining unauthorized access or confidential information by exploiting a person's trust or naivety.

Employee monitoring

Using computers, mobile devices, or cameras to observe, record, and review employees' technology use.

Examples of cookie uses

• Personalize websites

• Remember usernames and passwords

• Support online shopping

Count how often a person visits

Target advertising

Privacy laws and their purposes

- coppa: requires websites to protect personal information of children under 13.

- hipaa: protects against improper disclosure of health information.

• Privacy Act: restricts federal agencies from using collected information for a different purpose.

• Freedom of Information Act: allows public access to most government records.

• Financial Modernization Act: protects personal financial information and requires institutions to explain information-sharing policies.

Most Likely to Be Asked

- A cookie is stored by a Web server and can support functions such as personalization and targeted advertising.

- The cookie process is browser lookup, transmission of existing cookie information, then server creation of an identification number if expected information is missing.

• Phishing uses deceptive messages, while social engineering exploits human trust or naivety.

- coppa concerns children's personal information, hipaa concerns health information, and the Privacy Act governs federal agencies' use of collected information.

- Employee monitoring can include email, keyboard activity, and visited websites.

Test Yourself

1 How does a browser and Web server create and use a cookie?

When a user enters a website address, the browser searches for that site's cookie. If found, it sends the cookie information to the server. If expected cookie information is missing, the server creates an identification number and sends it to the browser, which creates and stores a cookie file. The site may update the file on later visits.

2 A message that looks like it came from a trusted organization asks for bank details. Which threat does this describe, and what information is targeted?

This describes phishing. It uses an official-looking message to try to obtain personal or financial information, such as bank details.

3 Match each concern to the relevant law: protecting a child's personal information online, protecting health information, and limiting how a federal agency reuses collected information.

coppa requires websites to protect personal information of children under 13. hipaa protects people from improper disclosure of health information. The Privacy Act prohibits federal agencies from using information for a purpose different from the purpose for which it was collected.

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6. Digital Media Foundations and Formats

Digital media applications either capture, edit, and create media or play it. The major types are graphics, animation, video, and audio.

Digitizing converts analog data into digital data. Sampling is the process of converting analog sound waves into digital sound.

Figure 4-23 summary: A diagram showing a microphone capturing analog sound waves and sending them to a computer, where sampling software converts those waves into digital sound. The process transforms a continuous physical signal into a digital format for processing and visualization on a screen.

Figure 4 to 23 Sampling

sound.

Bitmap, or raster, graphics assign color to pixels. Vector graphics use mathematical formulas to describe shapes, curves, lines, and text. Vectors suit images that need resizing.

Resolution describes image clarity. Higher resolution generally means a sharper image and a larger file. Compression reduces file size. Lossy compression discards some data, while lossless compression reduces size without that data loss.

Choose formats by use: gif suits simple web graphics and short animations, JPEG suits photographs but uses lossy compression, P.N.G suits logos and illustrations, tiff suits high-quality print images, E.P.S suits resizable vector graphics, and S.V.G suits interactive or animated web illustrations.

Key Terms

Digitizing

Converting analog data into digital data that computers and other digital devices can use.

Sampling

Converting analog sound waves into digital sound.

Bitmap graphics

Graphics that represent images by assigning colors to pixels. They are also called raster graphics.

Major types of digital media

• Graphics

• Animation

• Video

• Audio

Vector graphics

Graphics represented by mathematical formulas describing shapes, curves, lines, and text. They are suitable for images that must be resized.

Resolution

The clarity or sharpness of an image. Higher resolution produces a sharper image but also a larger file size.

Compression

Reducing the amount of data in a digital media file to make the file smaller. Lossy compression discards some data; lossless compression avoids that type of data loss.

Common graphics formats and typical uses

• gif: simple web graphics and short animations

- JPEG: photographs and printed graphics, with lossy compression

- P.N.G: logos, icons, and illustrations

- tiff: high-quality photographs and print graphics

- E.P.S: vector illustrations and logos that are resized

• S.V.G: web illustrations that can support interactivity and animation

Most Likely to Be Asked

• Bitmap graphics are pixel-based; vector graphics are formula-based.

- Higher image resolution improves sharpness but increases file size.

- Lossy compression discards some data; lossless compression avoids that type of data loss.

- JPEG uses lossy compression; S.V.G and E.P.S are vector formats suited to illustrations that may be resized.

Test Yourself

1 What is the difference between digitizing and sampling?

Digitizing converts analog data into digital data. Sampling is the specific conversion of analog sound waves into digital sound.

2 A logo must be resized for several uses. Which graphics type is especially suitable, and why?

Vector graphics are especially suitable because they are defined with mathematical formulas and are suitable for images that must be resized.

3 A Photograph Must Be Compressed for a Web Page. What Tradeoff Should You Remember If You Choose JPEG?

JPEG is commonly used for web photographs and provides rich colors, but it uses lossy compression. That means some data is discarded and image quality can be affected.

Code: p. 34.

Code: p. 38.

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7. Video, Streaming, Animation, and Immersive Media

A digital video file has two major parts. A codec encodes and usually compresses data for storage, then decompresses it for playback. A container bundles the video, audio, codec, and other components into one package. Codecs are compatible with only some containers.

Video resolution is expressed as width by height. S.D examples include 640 times 360 and 720 times 480. H.D examples include 1280 times 720 and 1920 times 1080, with 1920 times 1080 called Full H.D. U.H.D includes 4K at 3840 times 2160 and 8K at 7840 times 4320.

Streaming media means receiving audio or video from a server and watching or listening while it arrives. On-demand content is stored as a media file on a distributor's server. Live video streaming sends content as it happens and makes it available only once.

Animation creates moving images. Simulations are sophisticated computer animations used for teaching and training, especially when learning is dangerous or difficult. Rendering adds highlights and shadows to a 3-D wireframe. Stop-motion animation captures real objects in successive poses, one frame at a time.

V.R presents a computer-simulated, three-dimensional environment that a user can explore and manipulate. A.R overlays digital information or content on physical objects or locations. A V.R gaming system may include a headset, controllers, and sensors that track movement. A.R games combine game content with the user's physical environment.

Codec

A component that encodes and usually compresses video data for storage, then decompresses it for playback.

Container

A package that bundles video, audio, a codec, and other components into one digital video file.

Streaming media

Audio or video received from a server and played while it arrives.

Video resolution classifications and examples

• S.D: 640 times 360 or 720 times 480

• H.D: 1280 times 720 or 1920 times 1080, with 1920 times 1080 called Full H.D

• U.H.D: 4K at 3840 times 2160 or 8K at 7840 times 4320

Two ways to create a solid 3-D image

• Rendering: apply highlights and shadows to a wireframe drawing

Virtual Reality (V.R)

A computer-simulated, three-dimensional environment that a user can explore and manipulate.

Augmented Reality (A.R)

Technology that overlays information and digital content on physical objects or locations.

Simulation

A sophisticated computer animation used for teaching or training, particularly when learning is dangerous or difficult.

• Stop-motion animation: move real objects through poses and capture each frame

Most Likely to Be Asked

- A codec handles encoding and playback compression; a container packages video, audio, and related components.

• On-demand content is stored on a distributor's server; live streaming sends content as it happens and is available only once.

- V.R places the user in a computer-simulated environment; A.R adds digital content to the physical environment.

• Rendering and stop-motion are distinct methods: one adds shading to a wireframe, the other captures real objects frame by frame.

Test Yourself

1 How do a codec and a container differ?

A codec encodes and usually compresses data for storage, then decompresses it for playback. A container packages the video, audio, codec, and other components together.

2 A viewer watches a show stored on a service's server, while another viewer watches a live event as it happens. Which is on-demand and which is live streaming?

The stored show is on-demand content. The event sent as it happens is live video streaming, which is made available only once.

3 A Game Displays Digital Characters Over a Smartphone Camera View of a Real Place. Is This V.R or A.R? Explain.

It is A.R because it overlays digital game content on the user's physical environment. V.R instead provides a computer-simulated three-dimensional environment for the user to explore and manipulate.

Table: Row 1: p. 44. Row 2: p. 46. Row 3: p. 50. Row 4: p. 53.

8. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

Artificial intelligence uses logic and prior experience to simulate human intelligence. Machine learning is a branch of A.I that trains machines to learn from data, identify patterns, and make decisions. Its performance can improve with limited human intervention.

The material lists A.I uses including strategic gaming, military simulations, statistical predictions, self-driving cars, navigation apps, and security systems. Navigation apps can provide traffic information, route recommendations, and preferred stops. Security applications include fingerprint access, facial recognition, and motion-detection cameras that alert users to unusual or unauthorized visitors.

Key Terms

Artificial Intelligence (A.I)

The technological use of logic and prior experience to simulate human intelligence.

Examples of A.I Applications

• Strategic gaming

• Military simulations

• Statistical predictions

• Self-driving cars

• Navigation apps that provide traffic and route information

Machine learning

A branch of A.I that trains machines to learn from data, identify patterns, and make decisions, progressively improving performance without much human intervention.

• Security systems using fingerprints, facial recognition, or motion detection

Most Likely to Be Asked

- Machine learning is a branch of A.I, not a separate synonym for A.I.

• Machine learning uses data to identify patterns and make decisions, with performance improving through learning.

• A.I applications in the source include navigation, self-driving cars, statistical prediction, gaming, simulations, and security.

Test Yourself

1 What is Machine Learning, and how does it relate to A.I?

Machine learning is a branch of A.I. It trains machines to learn from data, identify patterns, and make decisions, with performance progressively improving without much human intervention.

2 Give two examples of A.I applications from the material and state what each does.

A navigation app can provide traffic information and route recommendations. A facial-recognition security system can help control access. Other supported examples include self-driving cars, strategic gaming, statistical predictions, and motion-detection cameras.

9. Hardware Protection and Power Reliability

Hardware theft and vandalism can be reduced with safeguards that control access, detect unauthorized activity, secure or locate equipment, and verify identity. A fingerprint reader is one example of identity verification.

Hardware may fail because it is aging, because of random events such as electrical power problems, or because of program or app errors. Undervoltage and overvoltage are named power problems; overvoltage is also called a power surge.

A surge protector, also called a surge suppressor, helps stabilize current and reduces the chance that overvoltage reaches equipment. A U.P.S contains surge-protection circuits and one or more batteries. When normal power is lost, its batteries can supply electricity for a limited time. The key distinction is that a surge protector guards against power variations, while a U.P.S adds temporary battery backup.

Hardware protection measures

Safeguards used to reduce hardware theft or vandalism: physical access controls, alarm systems, physical security devices, security or device-tracking apps, and required identification.

Undervoltage

A named power-related condition that can threaten hardware reliability.

Overvoltage

A power-related condition, also called a power surge, that can damage or disrupt electronic equipment.

Five hardware theft safeguards

• Physical access controls

• Alarm system

• Physical security devices

• Security or device-tracking app

• Require identification

Broad causes of hardware failure

• Aging hardware

• Random events, including electrical power problems

• Errors in programs or apps

Most Likely to Be Asked

Surge protector

A device that uses electrical components to stabilize current and minimize the chance that overvoltage reaches equipment. It is also called a surge suppressor.

Uninterruptible Power Supply (U.P.S)

A device containing surge-protection circuits and one or more batteries. It can supply power for a limited time during a power loss.

- Memorize the five safeguards against hardware theft: access controls, alarms, physical security devices, tracking apps, and required identification.

• Overvoltage is also called a power surge; undervoltage and overvoltage are both named power threats.

- A surge protector reduces the chance of overvoltage reaching equipment. A U.P.S also provides limited-time battery backup during a power loss.

Test Yourself

1 Name the five hardware theft safeguards.

They are physical access controls, an alarm system, physical security devices, a security or device-tracking app, and required identification.

2 A computer needs protection from power surges and temporary power loss. Which device adds battery backup, and what does it contain?

A U.P.S adds battery backup. It contains surge-protection circuits and one or more batteries, which can supply electricity for a limited time when power is lost. A surge protector alone reduces the chance of overvoltage reaching equipment but does not provide the described battery backup.

10. Technology-Related Health and Ergonomic Workstations

Technology-related health concerns include repetitive strain injury (R.S.I), computer vision syndrome (C.V.S), and technology addiction. R.S.I can involve muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, and joints. C.V.S affects eyesight. Technology addiction occurs when technology consumes someone's entire social life.

Ergonomics applies comfort, efficiency, and safety to workplace design. A well-designed work area is flexible so it can be adjusted for different users. Use the workstation diagram to review the recommended positions and measurements.

The recommendations include a viewing angle of about 20 degrees toward the screen's center, a viewing distance of about 18 to 28 inches, elbows at about 90 degrees, and arms and hands approximately parallel to the floor. The keyboard height is about 23 to 28 inches, depending on the user's height. Use an adjustable-height chair with four or five legs, and keep feet flat on the floor.

Key Terms

Repetitive strain injury (R.S.I)

An injury or disorder involving muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, or joints.

Computer vision syndrome (C.V.S)

A technology-related health condition that affects eyesight.

Figure 3-32 summary: A photograph of a person sitting at a computer desk showing an ergonomically designed work area. Labeled guidelines specify a viewing distance of 18 to 28 inches and a 20-degree viewing angle, elbows at approximately 90 degrees, a keyboard height between 23 to 28 inches, and an adjustable chair with feet flat on the floor. The point is that a well-designed workspace must be flexible to accommodate the height and build of different individuals.

Body Parts or Structures That R.S.I Can Affect

• Muscles

Nerves

Tendons

• Ligaments

• Joints

Ergonomic workstation recommendations

• Viewing angle of about 20 degrees toward the screen's center

• Viewing distance of about 18 to 28 inches

Elbows at about 90 degrees

• Arms and hands approximately parallel to the floor

Ergonomics

An applied science devoted to incorporating comfort, efficiency, and safety into the design of workplace items. It also concerns how the work environment is arranged.

Technology addiction

A condition in which technology consumes someone's entire social life.

• Keyboard height of about 23 to 28 inches, depending on user height

• Adjustable-height chair with four or five legs

• Feet flat on the floor

- R.S.I can affect muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, and joints, not only hands or wrists.

- C.V.S affects eyesight; technology addiction is defined by technology consuming someone's entire social life.

• Ergonomics brings comfort, efficiency, and safety into workplace design.

- Know the workstation targets: about 20 degrees viewing angle, 18 to 28 inches viewing distance, 90 degrees elbows, 23 to 28 inches keyboard height, an adjustable stable chair, and feet flat on the floor.

Test Yourself

1 What structures can R.S.I affect, and what does C.V.S affect?

R.S.I can affect muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, and joints. C.V.S affects eyesight.

2 A user has feet dangling and elbows bent well beyond a right angle at a workstation. Give two adjustments supported by the ergonomic recommendations.

Adjust the chair or workstation so the user's feet are flat on the floor, and reposition the work area so the elbows are about 90 degrees. The recommendations also call for arms and hands approximately parallel to the floor and an adjustable-height chair.

11. Recognize Threats and Protect Network Resources

Digital risks and malware

A digital security risk is an event or action that can damage or cause the loss of hardware, software, data, information, or a device's processing capacity. Computer crime broadly means an illegal act involving a computer or related device. Cybercrime is specifically an illegal act conducted online or through the Internet.

Malware, short for malicious software, refers to programs that act without the user's knowledge and deliberately change how a computer or mobile device works. The seven malware types named in the material are adware, ransomware, rootkit, spyware, Trojan horse, virus, and worm.

Table: Columns: Malware type, What it does. Row 1. Malware type: Adware. What it does: Displays online advertising, such as banners or pop-up and pop-under windows.. Row 2. Malware type: Ransomware. What it does: Blocks or limits access to a device or file until a payment is made.. Row 3. Malware type: Rootkit. What it does: Hides on a device and can let a remote person take full control of it.. Row 4. Malware type: Spyware. What it does: Secretly collects information about a user and sends it to an outside party during online use.. Row 5. Malware type: Trojan horse. What it does: Hides in or looks like a legitimate program. Unlike a virus or worm, it does not replicate itself to other devices.. Row 6. Malware type: Virus. What it does: A potentially harmful program that changes how a device works without the user's knowledge or permission.. Row 7. Malware type: Worm. What it does: Repeatedly copies itself, uses resources, and can cause computers, devices, or networks to crash..

Network attacks

A botnet is a group of compromised computers or mobile devices connected to a network. Each compromised device is called a zombie. A denial-of-service attack, or doss attack, disrupts access to an Internet service. The related distributed denial-of-service attack is called a D.DoS attack.

A backdoor is a program or set of instructions within a program that lets users bypass security controls. Spoofing makes an intruder's network or Internet transmission appear legitimate.

Firewall protection

A firewall is hardware, software, or both that protects network resources from intruders. It acts as a barrier between a local network and the Internet. The illustration shows both a physical hardware firewall and firewall software installed on a server or personal computer.

protects a network's resources from intrusion

Figure 5-4 summary: A diagram showing a local network of devices, including computers, a laptop, and a printer, connected to the internet through both a hardware firewall and a software firewall. The network is depicted as a protected zone separated from the external internet by these firewall barriers. The point is that firewalls act as a security layer to protect internal network resources from external threats.

Exam memory checks

Do not confuse a botnet with a zombie: the botnet is the group, and a zombie is one compromised device in that group. Do not confuse a Trojan horse with a virus or worm: the Trojan horse disguises itself as legitimate software, while it does not self-replicate. A firewall may be hardware, software, or both.

Key Terms

Digital security risk

An event or action that can damage or cause the loss of hardware, software, data, information, or a computer or mobile device's processing capacity.

Cybercrime

An illegal act that takes place online or through the Internet. It is a specific form of computer crime.

Malware

Short for malicious software, malware consists of programs that act without the user's knowledge and deliberately change how a computer or mobile device works.

Seven malware types named in the material

• Adware

• Ransomware

• Rootkit

• Spyware

Trojan horse

• Virus

• Worm

Botnet and zombie

A botnet is a group of compromised computers or mobile devices connected to a network. Each compromised device in the group is a zombie.

Denial-of-service attack

A doss attack disrupts access to an Internet service. A distributed version is called a D.DoS attack.

Firewall

Hardware, software, or a combination of both that protects network resources from intruders.

• Malware acts without the user's knowledge and deliberately changes how a computer or mobile device works.

• A botnet is the group of compromised devices; each compromised device is a zombie.

- A doss attack disrupts access to an Internet service; the distributed form is called D.DoS.

- A Trojan horse disguises itself as legitimate software and does not self-replicate to other devices.

- A firewall protects network resources from intruders and can be hardware, software, or both.

Test Yourself

1 Name the seven malware types listed in the material.

The seven types are adware, ransomware, rootkit, spyware, Trojan horse, virus, and worm.

2 A group of compromised devices is connected to a network. What is the group called, and what is each compromised device called?

The group is a botnet. Each compromised computer or mobile device in the group is called a zombie.

3 A user cannot access an Internet service because an attack has disrupted access. Identify the attack, then name its distributed related form.

The attack is a denial-of-service attack, or doss attack. Its distributed related form is a distributed denial-of-service attack, or D.DoS attack.

4 A program looks legitimate but does not copy itself to other devices. Which malware type best fits, and how is it different from a worm?

It best fits a Trojan horse, which hides in or looks like a legitimate program and does not self-replicate to other devices. A worm repeatedly copies itself, uses resources, and can cause devices or networks to crash.

Code: p. 4. p. 7. p. 8. p. 10. p. 11.

12. Ports, Connectors, and Connection Options

A port is the connection point on a computer or mobile device where a peripheral attaches or communicates. It lets the peripheral send data to or receive information from the device. A connector is the cable component that joins the cable to a port. In a cabled connection, connectors at both ends attach to ports on the computer or peripheral.

Common port and connector types include DisplayPort, D.V.I, H.D.M.I, headphone, Lightning, microphone, Micro U.S.B, Mini DisplayPort, Mini U.S.B, Mini H.D.M.I, Network/Ethernet, speaker, Thunderbolt, U.S.B Type A, U.S.B Type B, U.S.B Type C, and V.G.A. Useful recognition cues: H.D.M.I is trapezoidal; U.S.B Type A is flat and rectangular; U.S.B Type C is small, oval, and reversible; Ethernet uses an R.J-45 connector with a clip; and V.G.A has a D-sub connector, thumb screws, and a blue 15-pin port.

U.S.B means universal serial bus. One U.S.B port can connect up to 127 peripheral devices together with a single connector.

Port replicators and docking stations offer flexible ways to connect peripherals to mobile computers instead of connecting each peripheral directly to the computer. A docking station can provide a tablet or other mobile computer with peripheral connections, as illustrated by this setup with U.S.B ports, a wireless keyboard, and a stylus.

Some peripherals connect wirelessly rather than through cables. The named wireless technologies are Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and N.F.C, which stands for Near Field Communication. The material names these options but does not provide technical comparisons of their range, speed, or uses.

Figure 3-26 summary: A photo displaying a tablet positioned in a docking station, accompanied by a wireless keyboard and a stylus. A close-up view highlights the docking station's integrated USB ports. This setup demonstrates how docking stations expand the functionality of mobile computers by providing connectivity for peripheral devices.

Key Terms

Port

The connection point on a computer or mobile device where a peripheral attaches or communicates, allowing it to send data to or receive information from the device.

Connector

The component at the end of a cable that joins the cable to a port. A cabled connection uses a connector at each end.

Common port and connector types

DisplayPort

D.V.I

• H.D.M.I

Headphones

• Lightning

• Microphone

• Micro U.S.B

Mini DisplayPort

Mini U.S.B

Mini H.D.M.I

• Network/Ethernet

Speaker

Thunderbolt

U.S.B Type A

U.S.B Type B

U.S.B Type C

V.G.A

U.S.B

Universal serial bus. A U.S.B port can connect up to 127 peripheral devices together with a single connector.

Docking station

A connection option commonly used with tablets and other mobile computers to provide connections to peripheral devices.

N.F.C

Near Field Communication, one of the wireless technologies named as an alternative to cable connections.

Wireless technologies named

• Bluetooth

- Wi-Fi

- N.F.C, or Near Field Communication

Most Likely to Be Asked

• A port is on the device; a connector is on the cable.

• U.S.B stands for universal serial bus, and the stated capacity is up to 127 peripheral devices with a single connector.

• Port replicators and docking stations provide flexible peripheral connections for mobile computers.

• The three wireless options named are Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and N.F.C.

Test Yourself

1 What is the difference between a port and a connector?

A port is the connection point on the computer, mobile device, or peripheral. A connector is the cable component that attaches to a port. A cabled connection has a connector at each end.

2 What does U.S.B stand for, and how many peripheral devices can one U.S.B port connect according to the material?

U.S.B stands for universal serial bus. One U.S.B port can connect up to 127 peripheral devices together with a single connector.

3 A tablet user wants to connect peripherals without attaching each one directly to the tablet every time. Which connection option from the material fits this need, and what does it provide?

A docking station fits this need. It provides connections to peripherals for a tablet or other mobile computer. The illustrated setup includes U.S.B ports, a wireless keyboard, and a stylus.

4 Name the three wireless technologies covered. Does the material compare their speeds or ranges?

The technologies are Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and N.F.C, or Near Field Communication. No, the material names them as wireless alternatives to cables but does not compare their speeds, ranges, or use cases.

Code: p. 37. p. 38. p. 39. p. 40. p. 41. p. 42.

13. Productivity App Foundations, Word Processing, and Spreadsheets

Productivity apps support personal work such as creating documents, developing presentations, tracking appointments, and staying organized. Major categories include word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, databases, productivity suites, and enterprise computing.

During project development, users can enter text or numbers, insert images, add contacts, and schedule appointments. Editing means changing project contents or appearance, such as font, spacing, and alignment. Saving transfers a project from computer memory to local storage. A hard copy is information on a physical medium, such as paper.

A word processor enters, edits, and formats text and graphics. Its documents can be one or more pages and include reports, letters, labels, flyers, newsletters, and résumés. Document management tools help protect, organize, and share files.

A spreadsheet organizes data into rows and columns and can calculate with it. A worksheet is the grid arrangement; a cell is where one row and one column intersect; and a workbook is a file containing related worksheets. Spreadsheet features can format data, add customized functions, control printing, support online sharing, analyze data, and create charts or graphs.

Read the spreadsheet diagram by distinguishing the grid structure from its contents: rows and columns organize data, their intersection is a cell, and a chart can represent worksheet data visually.

Figure 4-14 summary: A screenshot of a spreadsheet showing a 2024 Auction Budget. The interface highlights a data table with rows, columns, and cells, a formula bar used for percent change calculations, and a corresponding bar chart that visualizes the table's cost data. The figure illustrates that worksheets can integrate data, tables, formulas, and charts to organize and analyze information.

Key Terms

Productivity app

An application for personal use that helps users create documents, develop presentations, track appointments, and stay organized.

Editing

Making changes to the contents or appearance of a document, worksheet, or presentation, including its font, spacing, or alignment.

Saving

Transferring a project from computer memory to a local storage medium.

Hard copy

Information that exists on a physical medium, such as paper.

Major productivity application categories

• Word processing

Spreadsheets

• Presentations

• Databases

• Productivity suites

• Enterprise computing

Spreadsheet Features Memorize in Order

1. Formatting tools

2. Developer tools for customized functions

3. Printing features

4. Web capabilities

5. Data-analysis tools

6. Charts and graphs

Word processor

An application with tools for entering, editing, and formatting text and graphics. Files created with it are documents, which can consist of one or more pages.

Worksheet

The collective arrangement of rows and columns in a spreadsheet.

Cell

The location formed by the intersection of a spreadsheet column and row.

Workbook

A spreadsheet file containing a collection of related worksheets.

• A worksheet is the row-and-column grid, a cell is a row-column intersection, and a workbook contains related worksheets.

- A word processor is for entering, editing, and formatting text and graphics.

• Saving transfers a project from computer memory to local storage; a hard copy is on a physical medium.

Test Yourself

1 What is the difference between a worksheet, a cell, and a workbook?

A worksheet is the spreadsheet's arrangement of rows and columns. A cell is the location where a row and column intersect. A workbook is the file that contains related worksheets.

2 A student wants to format an essay, save it for later, and print it on paper. Which terms describe the application, the storage action, and the printed result?

The application is a word processor, which can enter, edit, and format text and graphics. Saving transfers the project from computer memory to local storage. The printed result is a hard copy because it exists on a physical medium.

3 Name three different things spreadsheet features can help a user do.

Spreadsheet features can format a worksheet, analyze data, and create charts or graphs. They can also add customized functions, control printing, and support online sharing.

· p. 22

· p. 24

· p. 26 · p. 23

· p. 25

14. Presentations, Databases, and Productivity Suites

Presentation apps organize content into professional-looking digital slide shows. Users can insert, delete, duplicate, hide, or move slides. Text is often entered as main points in a bulleted list; graphics and images can add impact, while design ideas and templates can improve slide appearance.

Slides can also include media clips, links, embedded objects, and charts. Transitions are visual effects used with presentations; animations are visual effects applied to presentation content. A slide master is the overall template that contains the theme, customized title, text fonts, backgrounds, and related formatting. A slide show is the display or delivery of the presentation.

A database is an organized collection of data that supports access, retrieval, and reporting. A relational database consists of tables organized into columns and rows. In a table, columns contain fields and rows contained in each table. A field stores an individual piece of data; a field name labels the column, and a data type identifies the kind of data, such as text, date, or number. A table collects records about one subject, and a database can contain one or more tables.

A productivity suite is a collection of related individual applications made available together as one unit. Examples in the source include Microsoft Office, Apple iWork, G Suite, and OpenOffice, with differing included applications and platforms.

Key Terms

Presentation app

An application that organizes content and creates professional-looking digital slide shows.

Slide master

The overall presentation template containing a theme, customized title, text fonts, backgrounds, and related formatting.

Transition

A visually interesting effect used with a presentation.

Animation

A visual effect applied to presentation content.

Database

A collection of data organized to allow access, retrieval, and reporting.

Relational database

A database made up of tables in which items are organized into columns and rows.

Record

A row of data in a database table.

Field

An area where an individual piece of data is entered and stored.

Slide-Management Features Memorize in Order

1. Insert a slide

2. Delete a slide

3. Duplicate a slide

4. Hide a slide

5. Move a slide

Examples of productivity suites

• Microsoft Office

• Apple iWork

G Suite

• OpenOffice

Most Likely to Be Asked

Productivity suite

A collection of related individual applications made available together as one unit.

- A slide master controls shared presentation formatting, including theme, title, fonts, and backgrounds.

• In a relational database table, rows contain records and columns contain fields.

- Do not confuse transitions with animations: transitions are presentation effects, while animations apply to presentation content.

- A productivity suite bundles related applications and makes them available together as one unit.

Test Yourself

1 What is a slide master, and what kinds of presentation settings can it contain?

A slide master is the overall presentation template. It can contain the theme, a customized title, text fonts, backgrounds, and related formatting.

2 In a database table, what do rows and columns contain? Give an example of a data type.

Rows contain records, and columns contain fields. A field stores an individual piece of data, and its data type can be text, date, or number.

3 A presentation uses an effect between slides and an effect on an object within a slide. Which is the transition and which is the animation?

The effect used with the presentation is a transition. The visual effect applied to the object or other presentation content is an animation.

4 How is a productivity suite different from a single productivity application?

A single productivity application performs a particular kind of work, while a productivity suite makes a collection of related individual applications available together as one unit. The source examples include Microsoft Office, Apple iWork, G Suite, and OpenOffice.

15. App Categories and Ways Apps Run

Software, program, and app are interchangeable terms. Apps are grouped by the work they support: productivity; graphics and media; personal interest; communications; security; and file, disk, and system management. Examples include spreadsheets, photo editing, maps, email, antivirus software, and backup tools.

Apps can also be classified by where they run and how users access them. Local apps are installed on a computer's hard drive; portable apps run from removable storage or the cloud. Native apps are written for a specific operating system and installed on a device. Web apps are accessed through the Internet in a browser, while mobile apps are accessed on smartphones or tablets. Some apps have both native and web versions.

When an app has web and mobile versions, synchronization keeps actions, data, information, and settings consistent across devices.

Figure 4-3 summary: This side-by-side comparison shows Amazon's native app on the left and its mobile web app on the right. The native app provides direct access to phone hardware like the camera and microphone for product searches, whereas the web app runs within a mobile browser and displays the website URL in the address bar. The takeaway is that native apps offer deeper hardware integration and a more streamlined interface than web apps.

Key Terms

Local app

An app installed on a computer's hard drive.

Portable app

An app that runs from removable storage, such as a flash drive or external hard drive, or from the cloud.

Native app

An app written for a specific operating system and installed on a computer or mobile device.

Six app categories

• Productivity

• Graphics and media

• Personal interest

• Communications

• Security

• File, disk, and system management

Web app

An app accessed through the Internet using a browser.

Mobile app

An app accessed on a smartphone or tablet, often designed to perform a focused task.

Synchronization

Keeping actions, data, information, and settings consistent across devices or app versions.

- Distinguish local and portable apps by where they run.

• Distinguish native apps, which are written for a specific operating system, from web apps, which run through a browser.

• Synchronization keeps app information and activity consistent across devices.

Test Yourself

1 Name the six app categories.

Productivity; graphics and media; personal interest; communications; security; and file, disk, and system management.

2 A shopping app is installed on a phone and can use the phone's camera. How does it differ from the same service opened in a phone browser?

The installed version is a native app written for the device's operating system. The browser version is a web app accessed through the Internet in a browser. The source gives camera or microphone access as an example of a native app capability.

Table: Columns: p. 4, p. 5. Row 1. p. 4: p. 6. p. 5: p. 7. Row 2. p. 4: p. 9. p. 5: p. 10.

16. Acquisition, Licensing, Access, and Management

Programs and apps are distributed as retail software, custom software, software as a service (SaaS), shareware, freeware, open-source software, and public-domain software. Shareware is copyrighted trial software: payment is required to continue after the trial unless the user cancels within the specified period. Freeware is copyrighted and provided at no cost, but its copyright holder retains all rights. Open-source software can be modified and redistributed under the terms described in the source; public-domain software is donated for public use with no copyright restrictions.

Use software only with permission and in accordance with its terms. Copying, distributing, downloading, or otherwise using programs without permission or payment violates the law. A license agreement sets limits such as the number of permitted installations, expiration dates, and other restrictions. A single user license, also called an end-user license agreement (EULA), permits one installation; a multiple-user license permits a specified number of users; a site license allows an organization to provide access to as many users as it wants.

Digital rights management (D.R.M) defines restrictions on software use, modification, and distribution. Access controls determine who may use an app and what actions they may perform within it. Passwords and biometrics are examples of access controls.

Updates can prevent or repair problems, add functionality, and address security issues. A patch addresses one issue. A service pack bundles updates into one package. An upgrade is a new release and may require an additional fee.

Key Terms

Shareware

Copyrighted software distributed free for a trial period. Payment is required to continue using it beyond the trial unless the user cancels within the specified period.

Freeware

Copyrighted software provided at no cost by an individual or company that retains all rights. Freeware is not automatically unrestricted or uncopyrighted.

Open-source software

Software whose copyright holder places no restrictions on modification and redistribution; users may add functionality and sell or give away their versions.

Public-domain software

Software donated for public use with no copyright restrictions.

License agreement

An agreement that specifies permitted installations, expiration dates, and other restrictions on a program or app.

Digital rights management

Restrictions that govern the use, modification, and distribution of programs and apps. D.R.M is also described as a strategy to prevent illegal distribution of digital content.

Seven software distribution models

• Retail

• Custom

- Software as a service (SaaS)

• Shareware

• Freeware

• Open source

• Public domain

Three license types and their permissions

• Single-user license or EULA: one installation

• Multiple-user license: a specified number of users

- Site license: an organization can provide access to as many users as it wants.

Three update terms

- Patch: addresses a single issue

- Service pack: combines updates in one package

- Upgrade: a new release that may require an additional fee.

Most Likely to Be Asked

• Freeware is still copyrighted; free of charge does not mean unrestricted.

• Open-source software allows modification and redistribution, while public-domain software has no copyright restrictions.

- A single-user license allows one installation, a multiple-user license covers a specified number of users, and a site license can provide organization-wide access.

• A patch fixes one issue; a service pack bundles updates; an upgrade is a new release.

Test Yourself

1 How do shareware, freeware, open-source software, and public-domain software differ?

Shareware is copyrighted trial software that generally requires payment to continue after the trial. Freeware is copyrighted software offered at no cost, with rights retained by its owner. Open-source software can be modified and redistributed. Public-domain software is donated for public use without copyright restrictions.

2 An organization wants a license that lets it provide access to as many users as it wants. Which license fits, and how does it differ from a multiple-user license?

A site license fits because it lets the organization provide access to as many users as it wants. A multiple-user license permits a specified number of users.

3 A software change fixes one bug. Another package combines several updates. A third is a new release with a possible extra fee. Name each.

The single-issue fix is a patch. The package combining updates is a service pack. The new release that may cost extra is an upgrade.

Glossary

Personal Computer (P.C)

A mobile computer or desktop that independently performs input, processing, output, and storage activities for one person at a time.

Mobile computer

A portable personal computer designed to be carried easily from place to place.

Laptop

A thin, lightweight mobile computer with a screen in its lid and a keyboard in its base.

Tablet

A thin, lighter-weight mobile computer with a touch screen.

Desktop computer

A personal computer designed for a stationary location, with components that fit on or under a desk or table.

Server

A computer dedicated to providing one or more services to other computers or devices on a network.

Virtualization

The practice of sharing or pooling computing resources, such as servers and storage devices.

Server farm

A network of several servers located together in one place.

Mainframe

A large, expensive, powerful server capable of handling hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously.

Terminal

A computer, usually with limited processing power, that lets users send data to and receive information from a server or host computer.

Thin client

A terminal that looks like a desktop but has limited capabilities and components.

Point-of-Sale (P.O.S) Terminal

A retail terminal used to record purchases, process credit or debit cards, and update inventory.

A.T.M

A self-service banking terminal that connects to a host computer through a network and allows customers to access bank accounts.

Self-service kiosk

A freestanding terminal that usually has a touch screen for user interaction.

Cloud computing

An environment that provides computing resources and services accessed through the Internet.

Backup

A copy that can be used if the original is lost, damaged, or destroyed.

Off-site backup

A backup stored separately from the computer or mobile device.

Differential backup

Copies files changed since the last full backup.

Incremental backup

Copies files changed since the last full or incremental backup.

Continuous Data Protection

Backs up data whenever it changes.

Technology ethics

Moral guidelines for the use of digital technology.

Intellectual property

Unique, original works such as ideas, inventions, art, writing, and logos.

Copyright

Protection for a tangible form of expression.

Digital Rights Management

A strategy against illegal distribution of digital content; for programs and apps, it can restrict use, modification, and distribution.

Code of conduct

A written policy that helps people judge whether behavior is ethical or allowed.

Green computing

Reducing electricity use and environmental waste in technology use.

Information privacy

The right to reject or limit the collection, use, and distribution of information about a person or organization.

Cookie

A small text file that a Web server stores on a computer.

Phishing

A scam using an official-looking message to obtain personal or financial information.

Clickjacking

Hiding a malicious program in a website object that can be clicked or tapped.