Introduction To The Social Sciences

Unit 1: Introduction to the Social Sciences

1. What are the three social sciences?

Psychology - What does Psychology study: The mind, emotions, and behaviour of individuals.

• Sociology - What does Sociology study: Groups, society, and social relationships.

Anthropology-What does Anthropology study: Human cultures, evolution, and human development over time.

5. What are the 5 steps of the Social Science Inquiry Method?

1. Ask a question.

2. Research information.

3. Collect data.

4. Analyze data.

5. Draw conclusions and communicate findings.

6. What is quantitative research?

Research that uses numbers and statistics.

7. What is qualitative research?

Research that uses words, opinions, and experiences.

What are primary research methods

8. What is a survey? A set of questions given to many people.

9. What is an interview? Asking someone questions face-to-face.

10. What is observation? Watching and recording behaviour.

11. What is participant observation? Joining a group while observing it.

12. What is an experiment? Testing cause and effect by changing variables.

13. What is reliability? Getting consistent results each time.

14. What is validity? The research measures what it is supposed to measure.

15. What is bias? Unfair influence that affects results.

Unit 2: Psychology

17. What is nature? Traits inherited through genetics.

18. What is nurture? Traits learned from the environment.

19. What is socialization? The process of learning society's rules and values.

20. What is primary socialization?

Learning from family during early childhood.

21. What is secondary socialization?

Learning from school, friends, media, and society.

22. What was the film NeI about?

How isolation affects language, behaviour, and social development.

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

23. What is the id?

The impulsive part that wants immediate pleasure.

24. What is the ego?

The realistic part that balances decisions.

25. What is the superego?

The moral part that knows right from wrong.

26. What are Freud's psychosexual stages?

1. Oral

2. Anal

3. Phallic

4. Latency

5. Genital

27. What are methods of psychoanalysis?

Dream analysis, free association, and interpreting unconscious thoughts.

Operant Conditioning

28. What is positive reinforcement?

Adding a reward to increase behaviour.

29. What is negative reinforcement?

Removing something unpleasant to increase behaviour.

30. What is positive punishment?

Adding a consequence to decrease behaviour.

31. What is negative punishment?

Taking something away to decrease behaviour.

Classical Conditioning

32. What is an unconditioned stimulus U.C.S?

Something that naturally causes a response.

33. What is an unconditioned response U.C.R?

A natural reaction.

34. What is a conditioned stimulus C.S?

A learned trigger.

35. What is a conditioned response C.R?

A learned reaction.

Unit 3: Sociology

36. What do sociological schools of thought explain?

Different ways of understanding society.

37. What are social institutions?

Organizations that meet society's needs (family, school, religion, government).

38. What is a role?

Expected behaviour for a position.

39. What is a norm?

An unwritten rule for behaviour.

40. What is a folkway?

A minor social rule.

41. What is a more?

An important social rule based on morals.

42. What is a sanction?

A reward or punishment for behaviour.

Conformity & Obedience

43. What is conformity?

Changing behaviour to fit in.

44. What is obedience?

Following orders from authority.

45. What was Asch's Line Experiment?

People often gave wrong answers to fit in with a group.

46. What factors increase conformity?

• Group size

• Unanimity

• Desire to fit in

Prejudice & Discrimination

48. What is a stereotype?

An oversimplified belief about a group.

49. What is prejudice?

A negative attitude toward a group.

50. What is discrimination?

Treating people unfairly.

51. What causes prejudice?

• Fear

Lack of knowledge

• Social learning

Media influence

52. What is Allport's theory?

Discrimination can begin with negative talk (antilocution).

Media Stereotypes

53. What is a sexpot?

A woman shown mainly as a sexual object.

54. What is a dishpot?

A woman shown only doing housework.

55. What is male dominance?

Men shown as more powerful than women.

56. What are new roles?

Women shown in modern careers and leadership positions.

57. What is objectification?

Treating a person like an object.

58. What is violent masculinity?

Showing aggression as part of being a man.

59. What was Killing Us Softly 4 about?

How advertising stereotypes women.

60. What was Tough Guise 2 about?

How media links masculinity with violence.

61. What is Disney media analysis?

Examining stereotypes in Disney movies.

Unit 4: Anthropology

62. What is anthropology?

The study of humans and cultures.

63. What are the 2 major subfields?

• Cultural Anthropology

Physical Anthropology

64. What are the 6 schools of anthropology?

1. Archaeology 2. Linguistics 3. Sociocultural 4. Biological 5. Primatology 6. Forensic

65. What did the Opposable Thumbs Study examine?

How thumbs help humans adapt and survive.

Building Blocks of Culture

67. What are material traits?

Physical objects in a culture.

68. What are mental traits?

Ideas, beliefs, and values.

69. What are behavioural traits?

Actions and traditions.

Values

70. What are moral values?

Ideas about right and wrong.

71. What are economic values?

Importance placed on money and resources.

72. What are aesthetic values?

Importance placed on beauty.

73. What are pragmatic values?

Importance placed on usefulness.

74. What are prestige values?

Importance placed on status.

75. What are spiritual values?

Importance placed on religion and beliefs.

76. What are sensual values?

Importance placed on physical enjoyment.

77. What is a hierarchy of values?

Ranking values from most important to least important.

78. What is ethnocentrism?

Judging another culture using your own culture's standards.

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