Th Final Review

1. {what the terms magnus, brevis, longus, medialis describe/mean for muscles}

Magnus: large

○ Brevis: short

o Longus: long

Medialis: medial one

2. {define muscle fibre and examples}

○ {Pennate}

- shorter fibres, in large numbers make for powerful muscle contraction

○ Parallel

ex. rectus femoris (quadriceps muscle)

■ allow muscles to shorten, and move a limb, or part of one, over a fairly long distance

ex. sartorius (anterior thigh) - longest muscle in the body

○ Convergent

■ shorter fibres pulling towards a common point provide great force/strength

○ {Circular}

- ex. pectoralis major

- when muscles surrounding an orifice(opening)contract it closes

- ex. orbicularis oris (around the eye)

Th Final Review

Image summary: An anatomical diagram illustrating different muscle fiber arrangements in the human body. A central human figure is shown with specific muscles highlighted and connected by lines to labels and isolated muscle illustrations. These include Circular (orbicularis oculi), Digastric (omohyoid), Multipennate (deltoid), Convergent (pectoralis major), Tendinous intersections, Quadrate (rectus abdominis), Thin parallel (sartorius), Bipennate (rectus femoris), Unipennate (extensor digitorum longus), Flat parallel with aponeurosis (external oblique), and Fusiform (biceps brachii).

3. define antagonist, agonist, fixator, synergist

agonists:

prime movers; muscles that provide the major force for a specific movement

antagonists:

muscles that oppose, or reverse specific movement

synergists:

work together with agonists; promote the same movement, or reduce unnecessary/undesirable movements

fixators:

■ "Holding"; synergists that immobilize a bone or a muscle's origin

4. {location of bursae}

○ Anserine

Pes anserine

○ Sub-patellar

■ there is no subpatellar!! (Did she mean infrapatellar bursa?)

○ Pre-patellar

b/w skin & anterior surface of patella

○ Supra-patellar

b/w quadriceps tendon & femur

5. axial and appendicular skeleton composed of

○ Axial:

■ Composed of Skull, Vertebrae, Sacrum, Ribs, Sternum

○ Appendicular

■ Composed of Clavicles, Scapulae, Pelvic Bones, Upper and Lower Limb Bones

6. {purpose of bony landmarks}

○ Bony Projections act as:

Attachment sites for ligaments, tendons, fascia

Pulleys for tendons (to travel around and/or to change the angle of muscle pull)

Site of articulations

Depressions allow for passage of Nerves and Blood Vessels, other bones as well

7. {bony landmarks of humerus}

Head

O Anatomical Neck

○ Greater Tubercle

Lesser Tubercle

Bicipital (InterTubercular) Groove

Deltoid Tuberosity

Radial (Spiral) Groove

Medial and Lateral SupraCondylar Ridges

Medial and Lateral Epicondyles

Coronoid Fossa

Olecranon Fossa

Trochlea

○ Capitulum

8. {bony landmarks of axial vs}

appendicular

9. different types of bones and examples

○ Long Bones:

- ☑ Length is greater than width

- Shaft is usually hollow

Image summary: An anatomical diagram showing the anterior and posterior views of the human humerus bone. Key landmarks are labeled, including the head, greater and lesser tubercles, anatomical and surgical necks, intertubercular sulcus, radial groove, deltoid tuberosity, medial and lateral supracondylar ridges, coronoid and olecranon fossae, capitulum, trochlea, and medial and lateral epicondyles.

- Epiphysis provide articulation w/ other bones

Figure 7.1 summary: An anatomical diagram of the human skeleton showing both anterior and posterior views to identify major bones. The axial skeleton, including the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, is colored green, while the appendicular skeleton, comprising the pectoral and pelvic girdles and the upper and lower limbs, is colored gold. Specific labels identify key structures such as the cranium, humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, and fibula.

☐ Short Bones:

Cube shaped

■ Found in Tarsal and Carpal regions

Flat Bones:

Flat sheets consist of Spongy bone b/w 2 plates of Dense bone

form walls of cavities.

ex. Skull

Irregular Bones

Have irregular shapes.

■ ex. Vertebrae

Sesamoid Bones:

Oval shaped

■ Develop w/in tendons

■ Decrease friction on tendons and change angle of muscle pull to increase the mechanical advantage at the joint

ex. Knee

10. {at what level is sternal angle/angle of louis}

- Sternal Angle: in line w/ T.4 - T.5 InterVertebral Disk (I.V.D) and Costal Cartilages of Rib 2

11. {T.M.J Facts}

- Too much info

- Read L.P#44

12. {fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial, sutures}

○ Fibrous Joints

Syndesmosis: the only slightly mobile (amphiarthrotic) fibrous joint

Suture: immovable (synarthrotic)

Gomphosis: immovable (synarthrotic)

Cartilaginous Joints

Synchrondrosis: immovable (synarthrotic)

Symphysis: somewhat movable (amphiarthrotic)

Synovial Joints: freely mobile (diarthrotic)

plane (planar) joints:

flat articular surface

nonaxial

short slipping or gliding

hinge joints:

convex or cylindrical projection of one bone fits into a concave surface or cylindrical groove on another

uniaxial

flexion & extension

■ pivot joints:

• rounded end of one bone protrudes into a sleeve or ring of bone

uniaxial

• rotation

condyloid (ellipsoidal) joints: convex articular surface fits into a concave one; both articular surfaces are oval

biaxial

• angular

saddle joints:

- similar to condyloid joints but w/ greater freedom of movement

ball-and-socket joints:

- spherical head articulates w/ concave socket

• multiaxial

• all movements

13. which joints have lowest and greatest degree of mobility

- Lowest: sutures

- Highest: synovial; ball and socket

14. {example of ball and socket joint}

Glenohumeral: shoulder

○ lliofemoral: hip

15. what type of joints are iliofemoral, interphalangeal, acromioclavicular, proximal radioulnar

- O lliofemoral: ball-and-socket

- Interphalangeal: hinge

- Acromioclavicular: plane

- Proximal Radioulnar: pivot

16. what 2 bones make up atlanto-axial joint

○ what kind

■ pivot joint

○ Facts

3 surfaces form the joint:

• dens of the axis and the posterior aspect of the anterior arch of the atlas (atlanto-odontoid jt)

- 2 inferior articular surfaces of atlas (on the lateral masses) & superior articular surfaces of axis

17. {synovial joint diagram}

○ {list the structures}

Figure 8.3 summary: An anatomical diagram showing the general structure of a synovial joint. The image labels the various components of the joint, including the periosteum covering the bone, the articular capsule consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid, and the joint cavity which contains that fluid. The bone ends are capped with articular (hyaline) cartilage, and the overall structure is supported by ligaments.

18. {Shoulder Girdle: L.P#29}

○ facts

○ what joints

- Acromioclavicular (A.C) Joint

- plane-type synovial joint

- joint has a wedge-shaped articular disc

- weak fibrous capsule

- the acromion rotates on the clavicle

• rotation and gliding movements

- primary function of A.C joint: allow scapula additional range of rotation on the thorax

• A.C joint also

allows transmission of forces from upper limb to clavicle ☑ Sternoclavicular (S.C) Joint

saddle-type synovial joint

only bony articulation b/w upper limb & axial skeleton

• strong, thick, fibrous articular disc

• articular disc:

○ prevents dislocation of the clavicle

acts as a shock absorber

fibrous capsule reinforcement:

S.C ligaments (anterior/posterior)

○ interclavicular ligament

Glenohumeral (G.H) Joint

susceptible to injury

• multiaxial, ball-and-socket joint

head of humerus articulates w/ glenoid cavity of scapula

• glenoid cavity

○ shallow:

only encases of the humeral head

○ deepened & enlarged by the glenoid labrum (fibrocartilage)

top of labrum blends w/ tendon of long head of Biceps brachii

joint (articular) capsule:

thin & loose in adduction;

tightens w/abduction

○ provides greater flexibility

• attachments:

○ glenoid cavity (medial)

coracoid process (superior)

neck of humerus (lateral)

inferior portion of capsule is the weakest

• articular capsule has 2 passageways:

b/w tubercles of humerus & tendon of long head of Biceps brachii

anterior;

located inferior to coracoid process

○ allows for communication b/w synovial cavity & subscapular bursae

relatively unstable joint

stability sacrificed for greater mobility

○ {what muscles act on}

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

■ Teres minor

Subscapularis

■ Teres major

Deltoid

Pectoralis major

Pectoralis minor

Serratus anterior

Subclavius

○ what type of joint

multiaxial, ball-and-socket joint

19. types of movement of synovial joints

○ Amphiarthrotic: slightly moveable

○ Synarthrotic: immovable

○ Diarthrotic: freely moveable - synovial joints

20. fibre direction of the palpable muscles of posterior c/s muscles

25. {O.I.A}

extends

○ adducts

o medially rotates

• 2 degrees: raises body toward arms during climbing

○ {teres minor}

26. {O.I.A}

- Origin: middle of lateral border of scapula

- Insertion: inferior facet of greater tubercle of humerus

- Action: lateral rotation of humerus

○ {longus coli}

origin:

anterior tubercle of C.1

• bodies of C.1 - C.3

• T.V.P's of C.3 - C.6

■ insertion:

• bodies of C.5 - T.3

action:

○ {Scalenes}

• T.V.P's of C.3 - C.5

Unilateral: contralateral rotation of head

Bilateral: neck flexion

(36-27-46)

anterior scalene:

Origin: T.V.P's of C.3-C.6

• Insertion: 1st rib (scalene tubercle)

middle scalene

Origin: T.V.P's of C.2-C.7

• Insertion: 1st rib

posterior scalene

Origin: T.V.P's of C.4-C.6

• Insertion: 2nd rib

■ actions:

anterior scalenes

(U): lateral flexion of neck

(B): flexion of neck

2°: accessory muscle of inspiration by elevation of 1st rib

posterior & middle scalenes

(U): lateral flexion of neck

○ (B): flexion of neck

2°: accessory muscle of inspiration by elevation of ribs

○ {lev scap}

- origin (superior): posterior tubercles of C.1-C.4 T.V.P's

- insertion (inferior): superior angle of scapula

- actions:

- elevate scapula

- rotate glenoid cavity inferiorly

- flex and ipsilaterally rotate neck

- bilaterally extend neck

• 2 degrees: scapular retraction

○ splenius cervicis

origin (inferior): S.P's T.3-T6

insertion (superior): T.V.P's C.1-C.3

☑ actions:

(U): lateral flexion & ipsilateral rotation of neck

(B): neck extension

27. {bv w/in anterior cervical triangle}

- Common carotid:

- External & internal carotid

- Internal jugular vein

28. muscles w/in posterior cervical triangle

Image summary: An anatomical illustration of the muscles of the neck and shoulder area. A color-coded key identifies six muscles: the Sternocleidomastoid in green, Splenius capitis in blue, Levator scapulae in yellow, Anterior scalene in purple, Middle scalene in maroon, and Trapezius in red.

29. {borders of anterior cervical triangle}

☐ posterior border: anterior edge of S.C.M

○ anterior border: anterior midline of the neck

○ superior border: inferior aspect of the mandible (base of the triangle)

○ Roof: superficial fascia

○ Floor : trachea, pharynx, larynx, thyroid gland

30. {generally what are prevertebral muscles}

small, deep mm adjacent to anterior cervical spine

clinically relevant in whiplash injuries

4 muscles: longus coli, longus capitis, rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis

■ insertion (inferior):

lateral 1/3 clavicle

• acromion

spine of scapula

actions:

superior / upper: elevates scapula

Middle: retracts scapula

Inferior / lower: depress scapula

superior & inferior: superior rotation of scapula

2 degrees

Bilateral: with scapula fixed, extends the head

Unilateral: lateral flexion of neck

34. which ligaments stabilize shoulder joint

○ Glenohumeral

Transverse humeral

Coracohumeral

Coracoacromial

35. {bony landmarks of the scapula}

Figure 7.26 The scapula. View (c) is accompanied by a schematic representation of its orientation. (For a related image, see A Brief Atlas of the Human Body, Figure 24.)

Figure 7.26 summary: An anatomical diagram of the right scapula from three perspectives: anterior, posterior, and lateral. Labels identify key landmarks including the acromion, coracoid process, glenoid cavity, and the inferior angle. The posterior view highlights the spine separating the supraspinous fossa above from the infraspinous fossa below. The anterior view shows the broad subscapular fossa. The lateral view shows the glenoid cavity and associated tubercles. A small schematic inset clarifies the spatial relationship between the supraspinous, infraspinous, and subscapular fossae.

36. definition of flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation

Flexion: bending movement that decreases the angle between two parts

Extension: the opposite of flexion; a straightening movements that increases the angle between body parts.

○ Abduction: A motion that pulls the structure or part away from the midline of the body

○ Adduction: A motion that pulls a structure or part toward the midline of the body, or towards the midline of a limb.

Rotation: A motion that occurs when a part turns on its axis.

37. what muscles ulnar, radial, axillary, median, musculocutaneous innervate

Ulnar:

Motor: few wrist/finger flexor mm & most intrinsic hand mm

■ Sensory: skin on anterior & posterior hand, medial third

Radial:

- Motor: posterior mm of the arm & forearm; supinator

- Sensory: skin on posterolateral surface of upper limb except dorsum of fingers 2 to 3

Axillary:

- Motor: Deltoid & Teres minor

- Sensory: skin & joint capsule of shoulder

Median:

Motor: most wrist flexor mm; 4 Intrinsic hand mm

■ Sensory: skin on lateral hand (palm) & dorsum of fingers 2 to 3

Musculocutaneous: anterior brachium

Motor: Biceps brachii, Brachialis, & Coracobrachialis

■ Sensory: skin on lateral forearm (very variable)

38. {What Muscles Attach to Lateral Epicondyle of Humerus via C.E.T}

- lateral to medial

39. {O.I.A}

■ Superficial group

Brachioradialis

Extensor carpi radialis longus

• Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Extensor digitorum

Extensor digitii minimi

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Deep group

○ {Deltoid}

Supinator

• Abductor pollicis longus

• Extensor pollicis brevis

• Extensor pollicis longus

Extensor indicis

origin:

lateral 1/3 of clavicle

• acromion

spine of scapula

Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus

■ actions:

anterior part: flexes & medially rotates humerus middle part: abducts humerus

posterior part: extends & laterally rotates humerus

2°: stabilize G.H jt

Supraspinatus

- Origin: supraspinous fossa

- Insertion: superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus

- Action: initial 15 degrees of abduction of the humerus

biceps brachii

- origin:

- long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula via bicipital groove

• short head: coracoid process

- Insertion: radial tuberosity & bicipital aponeurosis

- action:

- supinates forearm

- flexes elbow when forearm supinated

○ {palmaris longus}

2: weakly flexes G.H joint

Origin: C.F.T - common flexor tendon; located at medial epicondyle of humerus

insertion:

■ actions: palmar aponeurosis; fascia of palm

• tenses fascia of palm

2°: wrist flexion (weak)

Brachioradialis

Origin: proximal 2/3 of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

■ Insertion: radial styloid process

Action: weak elbow flexion, maximal when forearm in neutral

40. {T/F anterior forearm muscles}

○ what mm passes deep flexor retinaculum/carpal tunnel

- Flexor carpi radialis

- Flexor carpi ulnaris

- Flexor digitorum superficialis

- Flexor digitorum profundus

- Flexor pollicis longus

○ {what mm cross the wrist}

41. {Marmu}

- Palmaris longus

- flexors

- extensors

motor and sensory innervation

■ Axillary:

• Motor: Deltoid & Teres minor anterior synovial joint between auricular surfaces of sacrum & ilium

posterior syndesmosis between tuberosities of sacrum & ilium

○ {what movement}

slight gliding & rotary movements

○ what does it connect

■ Sacrum and ilium

Function:

48. {T/S:}

- transmit weight of body to lower limbs.

○ what is the fxn of thoracic diaphragm

separates thoracic cavity from abdominopelvic cavity

primary muscle of inspiration

○ what nerves innervate

■ Phrenic n - C.3 C.4 C.5

○ fxn in terms of venous return

It serves as a pump facilitating venous and lymph return

49. {fxn of external oblique muscles}

- trunk flexion

50. {O.I.A}

- trunk contralateral rotation

- compression of abdominal viscera

○ {Piriformis}

Origin: anterior surface of sacrum & sacrotuberous ligament

■ Insertion: superior aspect of greater trochanter of femur

■ Actions:

lateral rotation of extended hip

• abduction of flexed hip

• steadies femoral head in acetabulum

51. what muscles superior gluteal nerve, inferior gluteal nerve, obturator nerve innervate

- Superior gluteal n: Gluteus medius (balance), gluteus minimus, T.F.L

- Inferior gluteal n: Gluteus maximus

- Obturator n: adductor longus, adductor brevis, Adductor magnus - adductor fibres only, Obturator externus, gracilis

52. T/S:

- generally thoracic muscles assist

- respiration/breathing

6. parts of intervertebral discs and what they are made of strongest attachment b/w vertebrae

major site of weight bearing

○ have different shapes & sizes

depends on spinal region

○ structure consist of two parts:

annulus fibrosus (outer):

• concentric layers of fibrocartilage

at right angles to each other

nucleus pulposus (inner):

semi-gelatinous mass

highly elastic d/t increased water content

acts as a shock absorber during spinal movements

• avascular

54. {landmarks of bony pelvis}

55. {O.I.A}

Figure 7.30 summary: An anatomical illustration of the human pelvis, which consists of the two hip (coxal) bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx. Key labeled landmarks include the iliac crest, iliac fossa, and the anterior superior and inferior iliac spines on the ilium; the pubis and ischium forming the lower pelvis; and the sacrum and coccyx at the posterior center. Other identified structures include the sacroiliac joint, sacral promontory, pelvic brim, acetabulum, pubic tubercle, pubic crest, pubic symphysis, and the pubic arch.

Gastrocnemius

■ origins:

• medial head: superior aspect of medial femoral condyle

lateral head: lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur

insertion (common): posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

actions:

• plantarflexion when knee is extended

• 2 degrees: knee flexion

○ {biceps femoris}

- origin:

- long head: ischial tuberosity

• short head: lateral lip of linea aspera & lateral supracondylar line of femur

- Insertion: lateral aspect of fibular head

- ☑ actions:

- knee flexion

- hip extension

- lateral rotation of the leg when knee is flexed

■ innervation:

- L.H: tibial division of sciatic nerve

• S.H: fibular division of sciatic nerve

○ {glute medius}

- Origin: external surface of ilium b/w anterior & posterior gluteal lines

■ Insertion: lateral aspect of greater trochanter of femur

■ actions:

- hip abduction (strong)

- hip medial rotation

- keeps pelvis level when ipsilateral limb is weight-bearing, allowing contralateral leg & foot to swing without hitting the ground

■ Innervation: superior gluteal n

{T.F.L}

Origin: asis; anterior iliac crest

■ Insertion: lateral tibial condyle via I.T.B

■ actions:

hip abduction

hip medial rotation

2:

○ hip flexion;

knee stabilization; tightens fascia lata & I.T.B

■ Innervation: superior gluteal nerve

○ Adductor longus

Origin: body of pubis, inferior to pubic crest

■ Insertion: middle 1/3 of linea aspera

Action: hip adduction

■ Innervation: obturator nerve

○ Adductor brevis

Origin: body & inferior ramus of pubis

■ Insertion: pectineal line & proximal linea aspera of femur

■ actions:

hip adduction

2: weak hip flexion

■ Innervation: obturator nerve

○ Adductor magnus

■ origins:

adductor part: inferior ramus of pubis; ramus of ischium

hamstring part: ischial tuberosity

■ insertion:

adductor part: gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera & medial supracondylar line

hamstring part: adductor tubercle

actions:

adductor part: hip adduction

• hamstring part: hip extension

56. {case study}

57. {O.I.A}

58. {attachments}

veins begin in capillary beds (as venues) & end in heart

• Types of veins

○ Venules

○ Veins

• structure of veins determines functions

large lumen: blood reservoir

little muscle: need help returning bld to heart (mostly against gravity)

• valves (extensions of tunica intima): prevent back flow of bld

• Mechanisms that assist venous return:

skeletal muscle contractions

○ breathing

o valves

■ Capillaries

• smallest blood vessels

• walls are 1 cell thick: tunica intima only

Function: site of gas/fluid exchange between arterial & venous sides of circulatory system

• Types of Capillaries

○ Continuous

Fenestrated

○ Sinusoidal

78. 86: freebie: which one of the following names an artery but not vein

○ femoral

vertebral

○ external iliac

○ internal carotid - becomes internal juglar vein

79. {T/S: characteristics of veins}

carry blood towards heart

converge from small to larger vessels

systemic venous blood is deoxygenated

veins begin in capillary beds (as venues) & end in heart

Types of veins

venules:

• small vessels

• transport blood from the tissues to larger veins

endothelium covered by fibroblastic cells

thin tunica intima & tunica externa

porous

veins:

• small, thin vessels in tissues

tunica externa is thickest layer

tunica media relatively thin

• large lumen

• contain valves

structure of veins determines functions

large lumen: blood reservoir

little muscle: need help returning bld to heart (mostly against gravity)

■ valves (extensions of tunica intima): prevent back flow of bld

80. freebie: when you place your fingers adjacent at the angle of mandible what artery are you palpating

○ Facial

81. once blood passes the aortic valve, where will it go next

- ay-or-tuh to the aortic arch and the rest of the body

82. review box heart

Image summary: A hand-drawn diagram on a chalkboard illustrating blood flow through the heart. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium (RA) via the superior vena cava (SVC) and coronary sinus, flowing through the tricuspid valve, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles into the right ventricle (RV), then through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery/trunk toward the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns via the pulmonary vein to the left atrium (LA), flowing through the bicuspid/mitral valve into the left ventricle (LV), and finally through the aortic valve into the aorta toward the body.

83. pulse located in medial malleolus and calcaneal tendon

- Posterior tibial pulse

84. 3 branches coming off the aortic arch and their extension ay-or-tuh then curves to left, forming aortic arch

■ gives rise to 3 arteries:

Brachiocephalic

○ brachiocephalica branches into R common carotid & R subclavian aa just posterior to R S.C joint

• L common carotid

L common carotid a arises from top of aortic arch & branches into L external & internal carotid aa

L subclavian

○ L subclavian a branches into L vertebral a & L axillary a

85. what the superior and inferior vena cavae drain

- specifically from where

- superior vena cava: receives blood from body superior to diaphragm

- inferior vena cava: receives blood from body inferior to diaphragm

86. which blood vessel passes superficially over the S.C.M

- External jugular vein

87. what structures hepatic, mesenteric, gastroduodenal, renal arteries supply

- Hepatic: liver, duodenum (the first part of the small intestine immediately beyond the stomach, leading to the jejunum.), and pancreas.

- Mesenteric: the pancreas and parts of the small intestine and large intestine

- Gastroduodenal: the pylorus of the stomach, superior part of the duodenum, and the head of the pancreas.

- o Renal: kidneys

88. which vein is responsible for receiving blood from lower limb

○ small saphenous vein

89. {which artery travel b/w anterior and middle scalene}

- subclavian artery

90. 98: fancy word for liver

○ hepato/hepatic

91. what internal and external carotid artery supply

- Internal: brain

- External: neck and face

92. posterior cervical chain lymph node location

- along anterior border of upper trapezius m